The years from 1880 to 1929 brought Argentina intensified economic prosperity (see Economy of Argentina), mainly by way of export-led growth. The economy was increasingly oriented toward exports of agricultural commodities, particularly goods like beef and wheat, while the growth in domestic industry remained hindered by imports of cheap manufactured products. While international demand for Argentine agricultural goods was central to economic development, equally important was the flow of foreign capital, particularly from Great Britain. At the time, Argentina received some of the highest levels of foreign investment in Latin America. In the midst of this economic expansion, the Law 1420 of Common Education of 1884 guaranteed universal, free, non-religious education to all children.

Roca's government and those that followed were aligned with the Argentine oligarchy, especially the great land owners. From about 1900 Argentine nationalism began to identify Argentina with Europe and the United States of America rather than with the rest of Latin America. Conservative forces dominated Argentine politics until 1916, when their traditional rivals, the Radicals, led by Hip車lito Yrigoyen, won control of the government. The Radicals, with their emphasis on fair elections and democratic institutions, opened their doors to Argentina's expanding middle class as well as to elites previously excluded from power.

The Great Depression and World War II

Manuel Belgrano monument in Buenos Aires, ArgentinaThese years of prosperity ended with the Crash of 1929 and the ensuing worldwide economic crisis. The Argentine military forced aged Hip車lito Yrigoyen from power in 1930 and ushered in another decade of Conservative rule.

The collapse of international trade led to an industrial growth focused on import substitution, leading to a stronger economic independence (relatively, because oil production in the country was dominated by foreign companies, mostly from the USA, something that Yrigoyen wanted to stop and one of the possible reasons of external support to the military coup). At the same time a climate of increasing political conflict arose, with confrontation between right-wing fascists and leftist radicals, with military-oriented conservatives controlling the government. Roberto Ortiz was elected president in 1936, followed by Ram車n Castillo. Argentina was officially neutral during most of the Second World War; much of the public sympathized with the Allied side, however the military governments that ruled between the years 1943-1946 favoured the Axis Powers, although towards the end of the war Argentina entered on the Allied side.

The rise of Juan Per車n

Using fraud and force when necessary, the governments of the 1930s (then retrospectively known as D谷cada Infame, the Infamous Decade) attempted to contain the currents of economic and political change that eventually led to the ascendance of Juan Domingo Per車n. New social and political forces were seeking political power, including a modern military and labor movements that emerged from the growing urban working class.

The military ousted Argentina's constitutional government in 1943. Per車n, then an army colonel, was one of the coup's leaders, and soon became the government's dominant figure as Minister of Labor. Mass protests in 1945 led to Per車n's victory in elections on February 20, 1946. He aggressively pursued policies aimed at giving an economic and political voice to the working class and greatly expanded the number of unionized workers. In 1947, Per車n announced the first 5-year plan based on the growth of nationalized industries. He helped establish the powerful General Confederation of Labor (Confederaci車n General del Trabajo, CGT). Per車n's dynamic wife, Eva Per車n, known as Evita, was a former actress from a working class background. Evita helped her husband develop strength with labor and women's groups. Through her influence women obtained the right to vote in 1947. Her death from cancer in 1952 cost Per車n a key political ally.

In 1949 Per車n pushed through a constitutional amendment to allow him to run for a second term, which he won in 1952, but a military coup (Revoluci車n Libertadora) led by Eduardo Lonardi deposed him in 1955. He was forced to exile, eventually settling in Francoist Spain. Even in exile, he remained popular with the Argentine masses.

Struggle between Peronist and anti-Peronist forces

Eduardo Lonardi held power only briefly and was succeeded by Pedro Aramburu, president from November 13, 1955 to May 1, 1958. In June 1956, two Peronist generals, Juan Jos谷 Valle and Raul Tanco, attempted a coup against Aramburu, criticizing an important purge in the army, the abrogation of social reforms and persecution against trade-union leaders. They also demanded liberation of all political and labor activists and the return to the constitutional order. The uprising was quickly crushed, and General Valle and other members of the military were executed; twenty others civilians were arrested at their residence and their bodies thrown in the Leon Suarez dumping ground. Along with the June 1955 Casa Rosada bombing on the Plaza de Mayo, the Leon Suarez massacre is one of the important events that started a cycle of violence. Pedro Aramburu was later kidnapped and executed for this massacre, in 1970, by Fernando Abal Medina, Emilio Angel Maza, Mario Firmenich and others, who would later form the Montoneros movement [1]. In 1956, special elections were held to reform the constitution. The Radical Party under Ricardo Balb赤n won a majority, although 25% of all ballots were turned in blank as a protest by the banned Peronist party. Also in support of Peronism, the left wing of the Radical Party, led by Arturo Frondizi, left the Constitutional Assembly. The Assembly was severely damaged by that defection and was only able to restore the Constitution of 1853 with the sole addition of the Article 14 bis, which enumerated some social rights. Frondizi, UCRI's candidate, won the presidential elections of 1958, obtaining approximately 4,000,000 votes against 2,500,000 for Ricardo Balb赤n (with 800,000 neutral votes). From Caracas, Peron supported Frondizi and called upon his supporters to vote for him, as a means toward the end of prohibition of the Peronist movement and the re-establishment of the workers' social legislation voted during Peron's leadership.

Frondizi's government ended in 1962 with intervention yet again by the military, after a series of local elections were won by the Peronist candidates. Jos谷 Mar赤a Guido, chairman of the senate, claimed the presidency on constitutional grounds before the deeply divided Armed Forces were able to agree on a name. In new elections in 1963, neither Peronists nor Communists were allowed to participate. Arturo Illia of the Radical People's Party won these elections; regional elections and by-elections over the next few years favored Peronists. Along with worker unrest, this led to another coup in June 1966.

This led to a series of military-appointed presidents. The last of these, Alejandro Lanusse, was appointed in 1971 and attempted to re-establish democracy amidst an atmosphere of continuing Peronist worker protests.

Per車n returns from exile

On March 11, 1973, Argentina held general elections for the first time in ten years. Per車n was prevented from running, but voters elected his stand-in, Dr. Hector C芍mpora, as President. C芍mpora acceeded to his functions on May 25, 1973, which was saluted by a massive popular gathering of the Peronist Youth movement, Montoneros, FAR and FAP (Fuerzas Armadas Peronistas) in the Plaza de Mayo. C芍mpora assumed a strong stance behind right-wing Peronists, declaring during his first speech: La sangre derramada no ser芍 negociada ("Spilled blood will not be negotiated"). Cuban president Osvaldo Dortic車s and Chilean president Salvador Allende were present at his inauguration, while William P. Rogers, U.S. Secretary of State, and Uruguayan president Juan Bordaberry, could not attend, blocked in their car by demonstrators. Political prisoners were liberated on the same day, under the pressure of the demonstrators. C芍mpora's government included progressive figures such as Interior Minister Esteban Righi and Education Minister Jorge Taina, but also included members of the the labor and political right-wing Peronist factions, such as Jos谷 L車pez Rega, Per車n's personal secretary and Minister of Social Welfare, and a member of the P2 Masonic lodge[2]. Per車n's followers also commanded strong majorities in both houses of Congress.

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